PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) can develop after a traumatic event and involves intrusive memories or nightmares, avoidance of reminders, negative changes in thoughts and mood, and feeling constantly on edge, lasting more than a month and affecting daily life. It is treatable, most commonly with trauma-focused therapies such as trauma-focused CBT, sometimes alongside medication.
The four groups of symptoms
- Re-experiencing: flashbacks, nightmares, intrusive memories and strong distress at reminders.
- Avoidance: avoiding places, people, conversations or thoughts linked to the trauma.
- Negative changes in thinking and mood: guilt, shame, blame, detachment, loss of interest, difficulty feeling positive emotions.
- Arousal and reactivity: irritability, being easily startled, hypervigilance, poor sleep and concentration.
Who develops PTSD?
Most people experience distress after trauma and many recover over weeks. Some develop PTSD. Risk is higher after repeated or prolonged trauma, interpersonal violence, lack of support afterwards, and additional life stresses. PTSD can begin months or even years after the event.
Diagnosis
A psychiatrist or clinical psychologist assesses symptoms, duration and impact. Other conditions, such as depression and anxiety, often occur alongside PTSD and are assessed too.
Effective treatments
- Trauma-focused CBT: helps process memories and change unhelpful beliefs about the trauma.
- Other trauma-focused therapies recommended by clinical guidelines, delivered by trained therapists.
- Medication: some antidepressants may help, particularly when therapy is not enough or alongside it. A psychiatrist can advise.
- Stabilisation skills: grounding, breathing and sleep routines.
Self-help steps
- Keep daily routines and regular sleep.
- Stay connected with supportive people.
- Limit alcohol and drugs, which worsen symptoms.
- Learn grounding techniques: name five things you see, four you hear, three you can touch.
- Be patient with yourself.
Supporting someone with PTSD
Listen without pushing for details, respect their pace, help them keep routines, encourage professional help, and look after yourself.
Our trauma recovery support offers trauma-informed therapy online. See also trauma and the brain.
In a crisis, contact emergency services or a crisis line immediately. In Pakistan: Rescue 1122 or Umang 0311 7786264.
Frequently asked questions
Can PTSD go away without treatment?
Some people improve naturally, but many benefit greatly from treatment, especially if symptoms persist.
Can children have PTSD?
Yes. Children may show it through play, behaviour changes, clinginess or sleep problems.
How long does treatment take?
Many trauma-focused therapies run for around 8 to 16 sessions, though it varies.
